Vitamin a deficiency is the leading cause of preventable visual impairments in children. Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies in africa now is the time to act todays presentation 1. Outbreaks of scurvy, hitherto a relatively rare micronutrient deficiency disease, have increased in frequency during the last decade among refugees dependent on food aid. Although urinary iodine excretion level uie is a better indicator for idd the goitre rate is commonly used to mark the public.
Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in. We want to be clear heremicronutrient deficiency is a form of malnutrition that in the absence of food calories appears as hunger, identified by a malnourished, underweight appearance. The elimination of micronutrient deficiencies on a sustainable basis will only be possible when the diets of vulnercombating micronutrient deficiencies. In the map we see the prevalence of vitamina deficiency in pregnant women over the period from 1995 to 2005. School of nutrition, food science and technology, hawassa university, hawassa, ethiopia. In young children, iron deficiency may impair growth, cognitive development, and immune function.
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies in adolescent school girls from tigray, northern ethiopia. Prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. In school aged children, it can affect school performance, in adults it may lower work capacity. Nutritional status and associated factors among pregnant women in wondo genet district, southern ethiopia 87 pregnant women in wondo genet district, southern ethiopia. Micronutrient levels and nutritional status of school. Iodine deficiency is the primary cause of preventable brain damage in children. Biofortified crops for tackling micronutrient deficiencies.
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, vitamin a and b 12 deficiency, foliate deficiency, zinc deficiency, iodine deficiency and adequacy of iodized salt in ethiopia. Vitamina deficiency and its determinants among preschool. The 2014 micronutrient forum meeting in addis ababa, ethiopia, marked the revival and revitalization of the mn forum and brought together 1,000 participants from 65 countries, provided with a wealth of information about the science and delivery of micronutrients by 244 speakers in 80 sessions. Mozambique and ethiopia, requiring urgent priority attention. With longranging effects on health, learning ability and productivity they contribute to the. These are silent epidemics of vitamin and mineral deficiencies affecting people. Micronutrient deficiency is one of the major public health problems in ethiopia with women and children most at risk. Micronutrient forum global conference, addis ababa, ethiopia 26 june 2014 bridging discovery and delivery unicef ethiopia 2014sewunet. In the latter case, zinc deficiency is often associated with iron deficiency. Micronutrient deficiency in children article pdf available in british journal of nutrition 85 suppl 2.
Micronutrient deficiencies can arise in developing countries due to poverty, leading to a high reliance on staple crops often starchy foods for energy and insufficient remaining income to purchase the other key components of a healthy balanced diet i. A crosssectional study in libo kemkem and fogera districts, amhara regional state. Agronomic biofortification is an agronomic strategy to increase micronutrient content and bioavailability for human nutrition in the edible parts of crops by adding micronutrient fertilizers to the soil or plant leaves. Proteinenergy malnutrition pem and micronutrient deficiency are most common types of malnutrition 7. Extreme deficiency leads to blindness and death iron deficiency most prevalent nutrient deficiency estimated to affect 4 to 5 billion people.
Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies in africa now. Whilst most micronutrient deficiency disorders can be reversed with provision of the missing micronutrients, some can result in irreversible, lifelong consequences e. The aim of this study was to improve the vitamin a contents of the staple maizebased complementary porridge. At the same time, vmd damage assessment reports for 80 individual countries are being distributed to national political leaders and major media. However, in ethiopia, vitamin a deficiency among tb patients is extremely high, occurring in about 60% of patients with tb 16, 94. These are the micronutrients that are necessary to help. Micronutrient deficiencies are now recognized as an important contributor to the global burden of disease. You can view statistics in a variety of formats, including maps, tables and trend lines.
Micronutrient deficiencies in developing and affluent. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia food and agriculture. A summary of available findings bemnetamare, 1 beyenemoges, 2 andargachewmulu, 2 sisayyifru, 3 andafeworkkassu 4 department of medical biochemistry, college of medicine and health sciences, university of gondar, gondar, ethiopia. Micronutrient deficiencies and related factors in schoolaged. Vitamin a deficiency vad is a severe public health problem in ethiopia affecting around 61% of children 6. In ethiopia, deficiencies in key vitamins and minerals are placed among the. The malnutrition situation in ghana is further compounded by problems of food security, food safety, poor hygiene and sanitation, and health care.
Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, vitamin a, iodine, folate and zinc in women of reproductive age and pregnant women in ethiopia, kenya, nigeria and south africa. Chapter 7 provided a brief survey of the nutrient content of foods, the nutrient requirements of people at different stages of the life cycle, certain aspects of the african diet and food habits in relation to nutritional status. Quadruple burden of hivaids, tuberculosis, chronic intestinal parasitoses, and multiple micronutrient deficiency in ethiopia. The most common micronutrient deficiencies in women are iron. Risk factors for selected micronutrient deficiencies in schoolaged children in libo kemkem and fogera, ethiopia, maydecember 2009. Abstract micronutrient deficiency, especially vitamin a, among infants is a major nutritional concern in developing countries.
Pdf ethiopian national micro nutrient survey researchgate. Ethiopian public health institute, ministry of health 2016 idd newsletter. This module can be used for the basic training of health center teams at the training. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies mnds exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years.
The most common micronutrient deficiencies in women are iron, vitamin a, iodine, folate and zinc. Ethiopia is amongst the african countries that have received significant food aid. Consequences of micronutrient deficiencies in africa now is. While a child may go to sleep each night with a full belly, micronutrient deficiencies mean that his or her body is still hungry for good nutrition. In october 1998, world vision ethiopia launched a comprehensive micronutrient program with the goal of improving the micronutrient and health status of mothers and children. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in infants and children with undernutrition ahmed et al. Promote and support exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age. Human immunodeficiency virus hiv, tuberculosis tb, and helminthic infections are among the commonest public health problems in the subsaharan african countries like ethiopia. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy has long been linked to intrauterine. Most common micronutrient deficiencies in ethiopia include vitamin a, iodine, iron, and zinc. Chapter 8 malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies extent of the problem and its consequences.
Deficiency in vitamin a leads to reduced levels of secretory immunoglobulin a in mucous and, therefore, to a weakening of the local barriers to infection 9193. Dec 29, 2014 risk factors for selected micronutrient deficiencies in schoolaged children in libo kemkem and fogera, ethiopia, maydecember 2009. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors. In addition to insufficient intake from the diet, factors like impaired intestinal uptake or nutrient utilization, and enhanced wastage of nutrients and destruction of vitamins may all confer to micronutrient deficiency states. Zinc deficiency is widespread among plants grown in highly weathered acid soils and in calcareous soils. Pdf micronutrient deficiencies and related factors in. Attention is given to micronutrient complementarities in programme implementation, e. The consequences of the high prevalence of iodine deficiency in ethiopia are poorly understood, dit proefschrift. Andersson m, karumbunathan v, zimmermann mb 2012 global iodine status in 2011 and trends over the past decade. However, little information is available on multiple micronutrient status of school children in ethiopia. For pregnant women, the lack of essential vitamins and. Multiple micronutrient deficiencies in adolescent school. Promoting the production of vitamin arich foods was adopted as one of the strategies to reduce vitamin a deficiency in the target population.
For each strategy, desirable actions are outlined and criteria are suggested for assessment of the intervention. Micronutrient deficiencies in ethiopia and their inter. Other causes of anaemia include other micronutrient deficiencies e. This module can be used in the basic training of health center teams in the training institutions and training of health center teams who are already in the service sectors, health. Knowledge and attitude about prevention of iodine deficiency. Though impact is not as rapid as supplementation, fortification can economically and sustainably reduce micronutrient deficiency. Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Although ethiopian government developed micronutrient deficiency prevention and control guideline in 2005 and deployed health extension workers to give behaviour change communication for use of iodized salt.
Iodine deficiency is severe public health problem in ethiopia. Food security is defined as a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life fao. Chapter 8 malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Formulation of maize based complementary porridge using. Micronutrient deficiency for the ethiopian health center team tefera belachew, abebe gebremariam, worku legesse, tsegaye asres, seid tiku, estifanos kebede, tamirat tigabu, getachew dememe, muluneh haile jimma university in collaboration with the ethiopia. Micronutrient status and dietary intake of iron, vitamin a. This is caused by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals due to micronutrientpoor food naked calories. In ethiopia, vitamin a deficiency leads to 80,000 deaths a year and affects 61 % of preschool children. As well as having a diet with a balance of fats, carbohydrates and proteins, the health and vitality of all human beings depends on a diet that includes adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. In nepal, 11 percent of children are wasted and 3 percent are severely wasted. Study session 7 preventing micronutrient problems in ethiopia. The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between multiple micronutrient levels and nutritional status among school children.
Pdf on sep 30, 2016, andinet hailu and others published ethiopian national micro nutrient survey find, read and cite all the research you. Several micronutrients are essential for adequate growth of children. Globally, 30 per cent of the worlds population live in areas with iodine deficiency 1. Micronutrient deficiencies and related factors in schoolaged children in ethiopia.
Andinet hailu 2017 remarkable progress against iodine deficiency in ethiopia. Dietary patterns and risk of micronutrient deficiencies. Micronutrient management for improving harvests, human nutrition, and the environment terms of reference. It is well known that iron deficiency has adverse effects on productivity and cognition in the general population and is the leading cause of anaemia during pregnancy, contributing to 20% of all maternal and perinatal mortality and low birth weight 6,7. Remarkable progress against iodine deficiency in ethiopia. Saskia osendarp dietary diversification programme ethiopia, micronutrient initiative. Pdf quadruple burden of hivaids, tuberculosis, chronic. Micronutrient deficiencies are caused by inadequate dietary intake, increased losses from. Millions of children suffer from stunted growth, cognitive delays, weakened immunity and disease as a result of micronutrient deficiencies. Prevention and control of micronutrient deficiencies in. Micronutrient deficiency, also known as hidden hunger, is an aggravating factor for health status and quality of life, affecting more than half of the worlds population. The division of nutrition, physical activity and obesitys data, trends and maps is an interactive tool that provides statespecific data about obesity, nutrition, physical activity and breastfeeding. Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergencyaffected populations z. Soil micronutrient availability is a limiting factor in crop productivity and quality in subsaharan africa.
They are intended to assist planners not only in their eval. As well as affecting a large number of children and women in developing countries, it is the only nutrient deficiency which is also significantly prevalent in industralized countries. Interactions between micronutrient deficiency and infection micronutrients, immunity, and infections are interrelated. A varied diet is the key to solving micronutrient deficiency problems. Obesity and its connection to micronutrient deficiency the. While public health efforts must be targeted to improve. The low availability of zinc in calcareous soils of high ph results mainly from the adsorption of zinc to clay or caco3. Nutritional status and associated factors among pregnant. Data collection on micronutrient deficiencies are often sporadic and less consistent than indicators of energyprotein malnutrition. Lack of 1 micronutrient typically associated with deficiencies of other micronutrients highest risk groups, young children, pregnant women, lactating women. S199203 june 2001 with 2,625 reads how we measure reads. Candidate, institute of biological chemistry and nutrition 140a, university of hohenheim, stuttgart, germany. Scurvy outbreak among south sudanese adolescents and young. Micronutrient deficiencies, vitamin and mineral deficiencies remain one of the main risk factors forcausing infection and chronic disease morbidity and mortality among all ages.
The survey population was drawn from households randomly selected to be representative of all nine regions afar, amhara, benshangulgumuz, gambella, oromia. Nutritional status and associated factors among pregnant women in wondo genet district, southern ethiopia 86 direct consequences of chronic energy deficiency among women include increasing susceptibility to infection, reducing activity levels and lowering productivity 8. Quadruple burden of hivaids, tuberculosis, chronic. Micronutrients are essential for growth and development of individuals. It is also an underlying cause for nearly onefourth of global child mortality associated with measles, diarrhea, and malaria. Food fortification is practically applicable and has drawn considerable attention from governmental and health agencies. The limited literature available in ethiopia shows severe public health significance of vitamina deficiency. Micronutrient deficiency an overview sciencedirect topics. In 1982, an outbreak of scurvy was reported among ethiopian refugees in somalia magan et al. Children whose weightforage is below minus two standard deviations from the median of the reference population are considered underweight. Addis ababa, ethiopia, 02 june, 2014 the third micronutrient global conference june 26, 2014 has been discussing ways of overcoming micronutrient malnutrition.
Micronutrient management definitions micronutrient deficiency micronutrient deficiency is the lack of sufficient amounts of one or more. Vitamin a deficiency is a common form of micronutrient deficiency, globally affecting 33. Iron deficiency is the most common and widespread nutritional disorder in the world. Inadequate access to fresh fruits and vegetables in refugee camps can result in scurvy 2, 3. Review article quadruple burden of hivaids, tuberculosis. The groups most susceptible to suffer from micronutrient deficiencies are women in. Intestinal parasitoses, and multiple micronutrient deficiency in ethiopia. Micronutrient management for improving harvests, human. Nonetheless, the common micronutrient deficiencies. The goal of this ambitious project was to estimate the national prevalence of vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies, including iodine deficiency, and assess the access to adequately iodized salt in ethiopia. Foodbased approaches edited by brian thompson and leslie amoroso food and agriculture organization of the united nations micronutrient deficiencies affect more than two billion people in the world today.
Micronutrient deficiency conditions are widespread among 2 billion people in developing and in developed countries. Monitoring systems in broad part of each country is notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders idd. An underlying cause of morbidity and mortality by black r. Its most devastating impacts occur during foetal development and in the first few years of a childs life. Experience of world vision ethiopia micronutrient program in. Micronutrient forum global conference, addis ababa, ethiopia 26 june 2014 bridging discovery and delivery unicef ethiopia2014sewunet. Micronutrient deficiencies in schoolaged children in ethiopia.
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